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A day before the exam, it is better to rest and not to study until into the late evening. Try to schedule the exam for the first part of the day when your brain is fresh. Figure I-2 shows the requirements at the time of this writing. Pay attention to the screen resolution. At the time of writing, the minimum was set to x It is really a minimum value and it will probably be uncomfortable to work with exam consoles with this resolution.

I would recommend you use a monitor as big as possible. Take some time to investigate the information. You do not need to memorize everything, but it is good to know what the documentation web site contains.

It is probably better not to type long names of projects, volumes, directories, and so forth but rather to copy them from the exam task list to the command line during the exam. You can avoid mistypes and errors if you do so. It is highly recommended to use one of the terminal multiplexers because the exam terminal has a single console. You can use the screen command or the more advanced tmux. Take your time to practice with one of them.

If you choose to use tmux you can start a new session with the command: tmux new If the connection is lost, you can rejoin a session with the command: tmux attach In Figure I-3 you can see what the tmux display looks like. Table I-1 lists the most common shortcuts for tmux commands.

The tmux screen multiplexer Table I Show screen with help. Ctrl-B d Detach from session. Ctrl-B s List sessions. Ctrl-B c Create a new window. Ctrl-B n Change to the next window. Ctrl-B p Change to the previous window. Ctrl-B 0…9 Select windows 0 through 9. Ctrl-B " Create a vertical pane. This book may help for their preparation, but it does not contain any specific information other than for the COA exam.

Exam objectives can be different. The comparison in Table I-2 is purely for information purposes only. It is accurate at the time of writing but is always subject to change. Table I These resourses can be promptly allocated and released with minimum customer efforts spent for management and interactions with service provider. Figure It includes self-service, general access to the network, a common set of resources, flexibility, and calculation of use.

The user is an administrator of the operation system and all the work above it to the applications. OpenStack is an example of IaaS. In this case, the user gets control on the level of the platform applications built, for example, applications server, libraries, programming environment, and database. The user does not control and does not administer virtual machines and operational systems deployed on them, data storage systems, and networks.

The user would be unaware of what the virtual machine or the operational system is and would only work with the application. Examples of such products are Google Docs or Microsoft Office This is the integration model the cloud service providers use. OpenStack can be a foundation for Clouds of all four deployment models. Understanding the Components That Make Up the Cloud OpenStack project, which is also called a cloud operational system, consists of a number of different projects developing separate subsystems see Figure Any OpenStack installation can include only a part of them.

Some subsystems can even be used separately or as part of any other OpenSource project. Their number is increasing from version to version of OpenStack project, both through the appearance of new ones and the functionality split of the existing ones.

For example, nova-volume service was extracted as a separate Cinder project. This service is installed on all cluster computer nodes. It manages the level of abstraction of virtual equipment processors, memory, block devices, network adapters. Nova provides the management of instances of virtual machines addressing the hypervisor and giving such commands as it is launching and stopping. Support is implemented through the appropriate drivers in a Nova project.

Most execution is also implemented on top of the KVM hypervisor. The next service, OpenStack Networking Neutron , is responsible for network connectivity. Users themselves can create virtual networks and routers as well as set up Internet provider IP addresses.

Such functionality has a network capability balancer as a service, a firewall as a service, and virtual private network VPN as a service can be obtained through the mechanism of connecting modules. OpenStack Keystone identification service is a centralized catalog of users and services that they have access to.

Keystone performs as a united authentication system of the cloud operating system. This service also delivers the backup functionality and snapshots creation. Glance supports many different formats, including vhd, vmdk, vdi, iso, qcow2, and ami.

OpenStack Block Storage Cinder service manages block storage, which can be used by running instances of virtual machines. This is permanent data storage for virtual machines. Snapshots can be used for data saving and restoring or cloning. However, there are connecting modules for hardware storage.

Originally it was called Rackspace Cloud Files. This service is an object storage, which allows users to store files. Swift has distributed architecture, allowing horizontal scaling, redundancy, and replication for failover purposes. OpenStack Telemetry Celiometer service is a centralized information source based on cloud metrics for monitoring data.

This component delivers the billing ability for OpenStack. OpenStack Orchestration Heat service has the main task of application life cycle provision in cloud infrastructure. Using the template in AWS CloudFormation format, this service manages all other OpenStack services, allowing the creation of most types of resources virtual machines, volumes, floating IPs, users, security groups, etc.

Heat can also make application scaling automatic by using data from the Ceilometer service. Templates describe the relation between the resourses, which allows Heat service to make API OpenStack calls in the right order, for example, first to create the server and then to connect volume to it.

Finally, OpenStack Dashboard Horizon service allows management of cloud resources through the web console. The first version, under the code name Austin, was released in October The third service for Glance image storage had already appeared in the Bexar version in addition to Nova and Swift.

In the Essex version, Horizon management web-console and Keystone identification service were added. There was the Folsom version of network service, which was originally named Quantum but then renamed as that name was already a registered trademark, and then the Cinder cloud block storage service. The Heat orchestration service and Celiometer service were added in the Havana version.

The web site Openstack. Otherwise, different vendors could create their own distributions based on this project code. At present, OpenStack is being developed under the control of the OpenStack Foundation with about 18, individual members and more than corporate members. Almost all IT market leaders support OpenStack. As per one Linux Foundation report, OpenStack currently has 2. The main programming language is Python. The code itself is distributed under an Apache 2.

Then all the rest of the OpenStack developers began to use it. You can find some examples of OpenStack usage in production operations at some of these enterprises. OpenStack Distribution and Vendors As stated earlier, OpenStack is a cloud infrastructure development project, but not a product.

However, many companies that take part in OpenStack development create their products and distributions on the basis of its code, often using their proprietary components. Some examples of OpenStack distributions with links for downloading are shown in Table I have tried to give a very short overview of OpenStack distributions in this chapter.

But this overview does not by any means present an overall coverage. Please note that the information in this book is up to date at the time the book was written in RDO is called up to create a community for Red Hat developments. Table The Cowbar and Chef projects are used as an installation tool. Chef is one of the leading configuration management tools in the OpenSource world. Similar to RDO, there are no proprietary components in it. The distinctive feature is the Fuel installation system, which can significantly ease large deployments.

There are scripts for fast deployment on VirtualBox to ease the demo stands deployments or OpenStack research. Oracle OpenStack for Oracle Linux stands out with quite unexpansive technical support for commercial usage in comparison with its competitors.

As a specialty Oracle, ZFS support can be noted. Solaris x86 is supported as a virtual machine. Similar to other hardware vendors, for example, IBM and HP, Oracle supports its distribution usage only on its own hardware. OpenStack Kolla project and Docker containers are used for installation. Ericsson Cloud Execution Environment distribution is created with the requirements of network functions virtualization NFV and telecommunication operators specifics in mind.

It provides the higher capacity of network subsystem and orientation to applications that require real-time operations. Compared to the distributions of any conventional IT companies, Ericsson Cloud Execution Environment is oriented toward telecommunication operators and provides service-level agreement SLA guaranteed by Ericsson. As a distinction, it has its own web interface on the Horizon base. The distribution is created on top of the Mirantis OpenStack.

Mirantis is a partner of Ericsson. The company actively involves its resourses in OpenStack project development. Keep in mind that this chapter is not related to exam questions. I will introduce several of them in this chapter. In this case, you will install all services from scratch on one PC or virtual machine.

Since this method is very generic, you probably need some adaptations for your particular environment. More specific examples will be given later in this chapter. First, you will need the OS installed with access to standard repos. Then you need to get the DevStack tool from GitHub. The main purpose of this tool is to prepare the environment for OpenStack developers, but you can use it for creating this learning environment.

The following instructions are for the most recent Ubuntu LTS releases. Checking connectivity Installation can take some time. The process can be different in different environments or with different versions of OS.

You will probably have to debug some errors. For a more predictable way of installing, see the next section. This file contains a lot of different options. Some of them are documented in Table Usually rabbitmq. Valid options are: file or swift. Valid options are: lvm, gluster, nfs, vmdk, netapp. To stay competitive, enterprises must be able to provide desktop and mobile applications that deliver cutting-edge, secure, and self-service capabilities directly to the customer.

Although we need skillful software developers to provide these applications, it's extremely difficult to be agile in corporate environments with overly bureaucratic IT policies and outdated software. OpenStack is the answer to this lack of agility. It is an open source cloud operating system that has revolutionized computing and provides true power to developers.

The Certified OpenStack Administrator Exam is your opportunity to learn the skills required to operate OpenStack clouds, and like Berner-Lee's first website, spark a transformation—one that will facilitate the development, deployment, and management of today's most critical applications. After this chapter, you will be ready to set up your very own OpenStack testing environment and begin working through the objectives covered in the following chapters. It's impossible to go anywhere these days without hearing about cloud computing.

If you currently work in the technology world, I'm sure you've been at a gathering with family or friends when someone finally asks you, "so To provide the right context, let's take a moment to dive into a brief history of the cloud. If you've heard this story before, feel free to skip ahead!

The application. Whether we are swiping through colorful icons on our smartphone home screens or logging on to our laptop's operating system, the app is everywhere.

In fact, the term is used so frequently that it's difficult to give app a proper definition. So, rather than attempt to define what apps are, we can surely define what they do: solve problems. Apps can provide solutions to some of our most critical business headaches, saving and making money for organizations and individuals. But more importantly, they often present users with unrealized needs.

Think about how many people consider Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn on their smartphone to be a necessity to their daily lives. We typically call the minds behind applications software developers.

But life for the software developer wasn't so easy 20 years ago. A d eveloper would hack away on their home or office desktop, perfecting and testing their code into the late hours of the night.

When the time for them to share their work with the world, they would need a physical computing device with CPU, disk, and memory. The computer would likely require internet access so it could reach a greater population. And in order to make that happen, a software developer would typically rely on a group of system engineers to call up a hardware vendor and get this machine shipped to the office or data center.

After going through the grueling process of getting the machine unboxed, racked, stacked, and wired up, system engineers would then need to configure the operating system, install the necessary programs and frameworks, and ensure the software developer could connect to the machine from their desktop. Consider some of the technical practices at this time: high availability and fault tolerance, although widely discussed, were not commonly enforced.

Once the servers were ready to go, the software developer would share their masterpiece, placing it on the provided infrastructure. As users accessed the application, all would be great Suddenly, the software developer's phone would ring in the middle of the night. System engineers would struggle to fix hardware failures, thus bringing down the application and facing many angry end users.

This required trips to the data center—which itself needed disaster recovery plans in case of a fire, flood, or storm. And how about if the application had a spike of major success? If tons of users rushed to type the URL into their browsers and navigate to the site, resources on existing hardware could be overloaded. The system engineers would need to purchase and install additional servers, firewalls, and load balancers to provide more resources for the additional traffic.

All of these potential hazards could be a headache for everyone involved—especially a software developer whose focus should stay on the application itself. November 10, : A group of IT executives in dresses, business suits, and blazers stood around a boardroom, watching a screen projecting a video clip of Terminator II: Judgement Day. On the bottom right of the screen, a small box of a few Microsoft Windows control panels displayed icons representing running servers. These servers were virtual machines, and the video clip the room was watching was being played from a file server on one of these virtual machines.

Suddenly, the host clicked on a few context menus on the virtual machine and a progress bar appeared. The video continued to play as the T Advanced Prototype morphed from liquid metal into human form, chasing John Connor in a burning police car.

The room exploded with hoots, hollers, and cheers—and it wasn't because of the Terminator. This was a demo of a technology called VMotion, which would revolutionize the IT operations world for years to come. Although virtualization had been around out since the s, VMware can certainly be credited for bringing it to the masses in their official release of VMware VirtualCenter featuring VMotion.

VMotion allowed system engineers to convert their existing physical machines to hypervisors, enabling the running of virtual machines. It also kept those virtual machines up by live-migrating them to another hypervisor in the event of an underlying hardware problem.

This was done by transferring the virtual machine's active memory and execution state over the network. Software developers and system engineers alike were overjoyed with the technology, knowing they would now sleep quite well while their application hummed along regardless of hardware headaches.

The s oftware developers continued to develop their incredible applications, but their development methodology remained the same. They were still developing their application as if they were on traditional physical machines!

Gartner, the information technology research and advisor company, has labeled this type of environment Mode 1, otherwise known as enterprise virtualization. In fact, enterprise virtualization still exists today and is the most adopted type of the cloud by enterprises around the world.

See Figure 1. Arrington was right. At this time, Amazon Web Services had yet to release the catalog of services we all know today. Simple Storage Service S3 provided users with the ability to create an account, enter their credit card number, and have access to upload files to AWS's hosted infrastructure within seconds.

One benefit stood out above all: unlimited storage space. At the time, hosting companies offered virtual private servers VPS , allowing one to rent a server and use it for backup or file storage.

The problems with these solutions was the space limitation on a particular server, not to mention the responsibility of the customer to maintain the health and security of the operating system.

While a VPS may have charged users with monthly or yearly flat rates, S3 billed the user for what they used, much like a household electricity bill. The software developer now had the power to avoid the purchase of additional physical servers and storage arrays. Primarily useful for developers and programmers, PaaS allows the user to develop, run, and manage their own apps without having to build and maintain the infrastructure or platform usually associated with the process.

You write the code, build, and manage your apps, but you do it without the headaches of software updates or hardware maintenance. The environment to build and deploy is provided for you. PaaS is a way that developers can create a framework to build and customize their web-based applications on.

Developers can use built-in software components to create their applications, which cuts down on the amount of code they have to write themselves. Software-as-a-service SaaS , also known as cloud application services, is the most comprehensive form of cloud computing services, delivering an entire application that is managed by a provider, via a web browser.

Software updates, bug fixes, and general software maintenance are handled by the provider and the user connects to the app via a dashboard or API. Red Hat can provide you with IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS options you can combine to form a cloud-computing environment that gives you the infrastructure, platform, and applications you need without the associated hassles and distractions.

Red Hat CloudForms can unify public and private cloud administration, Red Hat OpenShift can help you easily move workloads to and from the public cloud, and Red Hat Ansible Automation can configure and orchestrate the cloud infrastructure.

Develop the skills needed to install, configure, and manage containers to reduce time to market and ensure continuous delivery. No matter your job role, we have recommended courses and exams to help you master the OpenStack curriculum.

How does OpenStack fit into the technology industry? How does it fit your business? Use insights from the latest news and industry updates to see how. Red Hat Consulting will help build a robust, flexible cloud computing infrastructure to lower cost of ownership TCO , improve provisioning time, deliver services faster, and streamline processes.

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